These aspects have been selected to show the complexity of international relations, the high degree of integration into the market system experienced by marginal regions, and the minority position of mountain people in this network. This paper focuses on four aspects connected with development issues in high mountain regions which are exemplified for Northern Pakistan: the function of international boundaries the governance of conflicts on local administration the impact of road access on regional development and the effects of external interests such as tourism and conservation of nature on local socioeconomic conditions. These developments affect high mountain areas of Third World countries in a similar manner to other peripheral regions. In a holistic approach towards sustainable development the interrelationship of environment and economy needs to be stressed and simultaneously the time scale of socio-political transformation needs to be considered. Development related aspects are now incorporated into a discussion of sustainability in which issues such as global governance, structural adjustment programs for aid-receiving economies, and control measures for migration play a prominent role. The internationalization of global issues has become quite familiar in the sphere of ecological problems with impact on the earth's conditions of survival.
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